This application note explains how to use a USB Flash device with the USB High Speed (HS) interface of the STM32F7 microcontroller running uCLinux.
Hardware Platform
The hardware platform is the STM32F7 Discovery board.
The STM32F7 Discovery board is powered by the 5V DC power supply. The following power supply configuration should be used:
- Shortage between JP1 5V ext and JP1 5V;
- +5V DC power adapter connected to JP2.
This demo assumes that a Micro-A to USB 2.0 A Female cable is plugged into the USB HS interface connector on the STM32F7 Discovery board and that a pre-formatted USB Flash disk with an FAT32 partition is plugged into the USB 2.0 A Female connector of the above USB cable. The following picture illustrates the hardware set-up:
Installing the Demo
The procedure described here explains how to install the bootable Linux image (usbflash.uImage) to the target.
Here is how you can build and install the bootable Linux image from the project sources (usbflash.tgz), having installed them on top of the Emcraft Systems STM32F7 uClinux distribution. Contact Emcraft to obtain the bootable image and project source files.
Note: The Linux image and the sample project have been built and validated in context of the Emcraft Systems Release 1.14.1. If you are using a different release, some porting changes may be needed.
Logging Data onto USB Flash
On power-up or reset, U-Boot loads the Linux image to the SDRAM and passes control to the kernel entry point:
U-Boot 2010.03-cortexm-1.14.2 (Sep 04 2015 - 20:10:20)
CPU : STM32F7 (Cortex-M7)
Freqs: SYSCLK=200MHz,HCLK=200MHz,PCLK1=50MHz,PCLK2=100MHz
Board: STM32F746 Discovery Rev 1.A, www.emcraft.com
DRAM: 8 MB
In: serial
Out: serial
Err: serial
Net: STM32_MAC
Auto-negotiation...completed.
STM32_MAC: link UP (100/Full)
Using STM32_MAC device
TFTP from server 172.17.0.1; our IP address is 172.17.43.47
Filename 'antonp/usb'.
Load address: 0xc0007fc0
Loading: T ################################################################# #####################################################
done
Bytes transferred = 1721856 (1a4600 hex)
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at c0007fc0 ...
Image Name: Linux-2.6.33-arm1
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 1721792 Bytes = 1.6 MB
Load Address: c0008000
Entry Point: c0008001
Verifying Checksum ... OK
Loading Kernel Image ... OK
OK
Starting kernel ...
The kernel proceeds to boot-up, initializing the configured I/O interfaces and sub-systems:
Linux version 2.6.33-arm1 (
This e-mail address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it
) (gcc version 4.4.1 (Sourcery G++ Lite 2010q1-189) ) #133 Tue Jun 30 15:00:10 +0400 2015
CPU: ARMv7-M Processor [410fc271] revision 1 (ARMv7M)
CPU: WBA data cache, WBA instruction cache
Machine: STMicro STM32
Built 1 zonelists in Zone order, mobility grouping off. Total pages: 2032
Kernel command line: stm32_platform=stm32f7-disco console=ttyS5,115200 panic=10
ip=172.17.43.47:172.17.0.1:::stm32f7-disco:eth0:off ethaddr=C0:B1:3C:88:45:86
PID hash table entries: 32 (order: -5, 128 bytes)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
Inode-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
Memory: 8MB = 8MB total
Memory: 5344k/5344k available, 2848k reserved, 0K highmem
Virtual kernel memory layout:
vector : 0x00000000 - 0x00001000 ( 4 kB)
fixmap : 0xfff00000 - 0xfffe0000 ( 896 kB)
vmalloc : 0x00000000 - 0xffffffff (4095 MB)
lowmem : 0xc0000000 - 0xc0800000 ( 8 MB)
modules : 0xc0000000 - 0xc2000000 ( 32 MB)
.init : 0xc0008000 - 0xc005f000 ( 348 kB)
.text : 0xc005f000 - 0xc0195000 (1240 kB)
.data : 0xc0196000 - 0xc01ac5c0 ( 90 kB)
Hierarchical RCU implementation.
NR_IRQS:258
Calibrating delay loop... 397.31 BogoMIPS (lpj=1986560)
Mount-cache hash table entries: 512
NET: Registered protocol family 16
stm32_flash_init: Unknown platform 0x6, exit
bio: create slab at 0
SCSI subsystem initialized
usbcore: registered new interface driver usbfs
usbcore: registered new interface driver hub
usbcore: registered new device driver usb
Switching to clocksource cm3-systick
NET: Registered protocol family 2
IP route cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP established hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
TCP bind hash table entries: 512 (order: -1, 2048 bytes)
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 512 bind 512)
TCP reno registered
RPC: Registered udp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp transport module.
RPC: Registered tcp NFSv4.1 backchannel transport module.
JFFS2 version 2.2. (NAND) © 2001-2006 Red Hat, Inc.
Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 254)
io scheduler noop registered
io scheduler deadline registered
io scheduler cfq registered (default)
Serial: STM32 USART driver
stm32serial.5: ttyS5 at MMIO 0x40011400 (irq = 71) is a STM32 USART Port
console [ttyS5] enabled
blackfin-eth: Using SRAM for DMA buffers from 20001000
blackfin-eth: found MAC at 0x40028000, irq 61
blackfin_mii_bus: probed
found PHY id 0x7c131 addr 0
eth0: using MII interface
eth0: attached PHY driver [Generic PHY] (mii_bus:phy_addr=00:00, irq=-1)
The USB controller and USB mass storage device driver are initialized:
Initializing USB Mass Storage driver...
usbcore: registered new interface driver usb-storage
USB Mass Storage support registered.
USB: DWC2 USB driver
dwc2 dwc2.0: DWC OTG Controller
dwc2 dwc2.0: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
dwc2 dwc2.0: irq 77, io mem 0x00000000
usb usb1: New USB device found, idVendor=1d6b, idProduct=0002
usb usb1: New USB device strings: Mfr=3, Product=2, SerialNumber=1
usb usb1: Product: DWC OTG Controller
usb usb1: Manufacturer: Linux 2.6.33-arm1 dwc2_hsotg
usb usb1: SerialNumber: dwc2.0
hub 1-0:1.0: USB hub found
hub 1-0:1.0: 1 port detected
TCP cubic registered
NET: Registered protocol family 17
ARMv7-M VFP Extension supported
IP-Config: Guessing netmask 255.255.0.0
IP-Config: Complete:
device=eth0, addr=172.17.43.47, mask=255.255.0.0, gw=255.255.255.255,
host=stm32f7-disco, domain=, nis-domain=(none),
bootserver=172.17.0.1, rootserver=172.17.0.1, rootpath=
Freeing init memory: 348K
init started: BusyBox v1.17.0 (2015-06-29 13:26:42 +0400)
~ # PHY: 00:00 - Link is Up - 100/Full
The USB Flash device is detected and configured:
~ # usb 1-1: new high speed USB device using dwc2 and address 2
usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=556b
usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
usb 1-1: Product: Cruzer Edge
usb 1-1: Manufacturer: SanDisk
usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 200608757113E68174D9
scsi0 : usb-storage 1-1:1.0
scsi 0:0:0:0: Direct-Access SanDisk Cruzer Edge 1.26 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] 7821312 512-byte logical blocks: (4.00 GB/3.72 GiB)
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sda: sda1
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sd 0:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI removable disk
At this point, the USB Flash is accessible as a disk. The following command is used to examine the disk, which is detected as a 4GBytes disk partitioned to have a single empty FAT32 partition:
~ # fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 4004 MB, 4004511744 bytes
116 heads, 51 sectors/track, 1322 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 5916 * 512 = 3028992 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 1 1323 3910640 b Win95 FAT32
Let's mount the FAT32 file system. As expected, it is empty at this point:
~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
~ # ls -lt /mnt
Let's "harvest" some data and store what is collected into a file on the USB Flash disk. In this demo, we emulate a data stream by taking a snapshot of the system time each second:
~ # while true; do date >> /mnt/data.log; sleep 1; done
Having let the "data harvesting" run for a few seconds, let's interrupt it (by pressing ^-C) and take a look at what data we have collected:
^C
~ # cat /mnt/data.log
Thu Jan 1 00:01:18 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:19 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:20 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:21 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:22 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:23 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:24 UTC 1970
Thu Jan 1 00:01:25 UTC 1970
Now, let's unmount the USB Flash and unplug the device from the USB connector:
~ # umount /mnt
~ # hub 1-0:1.0: port 1 disabled by hub (EMI?), re-enabling...
At this point, the USB Flash device can be taken to a PC for further data processing. Just plug in the USB Flash into a USB port on your PC and the PC software will be able to mount the device as a FAT32 file system.
Note that the format of Windows and Unix text files differs slightly. In Windows, lines end with both the line feed and carriage return ASCII characters, but Unix uses only a line feed. As a consequence, some Windows applications will not show the line breaks in Unix-format files. Assuming that data is stored in a text file (vs a binary file) and Windows is a data processing host, Linux data harvesting applications should take care of the difference by adding a carriage return character to data logs.
Note further that you can hot plug your USB Flash device on the running system at any time:
usb 1-1: USB disconnect, address
usb 1-1: new high speed USB device using dwc2 and address 3
usb 1-1: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=556b
usb 1-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
usb 1-1: Product: Cruzer Edge
usb 1-1: Manufacturer: SanDisk
usb 1-1: SerialNumber: 200608757113E68174D9
scsi1 : usb-storage 1-1:1.0
scsi 1:0:0:0: Direct-Access SanDisk Cruzer Edge 1.26 PQ: 0 ANSI: 5
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 7821312 512-byte logical blocks: (4.00 GB/3.72 GiB)
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sda: sda1
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Assuming drive cache: write through
sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI removable disk
~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
~ # ls -lt /mnt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 232 Jan 1 1980 data.log
Read / Write Performance
Write throughput to the above 4GB USB Flash is measured to be as follows:
~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/mnt/10m bs=1M count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10.0MB) copied, 1.497783 seconds, 6.7MB/s
~ #
Read throughput using the same USB Flash device is as follows:
~ # umount /mnt
~ # mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
~ # dd if=/mnt/10m of=/dev/null bs=1M count=10
10+0 records in
10+0 records out
10485760 bytes (10.0MB) copied, 0.730519 seconds, 13.7MB/s
~ #
Data Synchronization Considerations
It is important to understand that VFAT supports write-back in Linux, which means that file changes do not go to the physical media straight away and instead are cached in memory and go to the Flash at a later time. This helps to reduce amount to I/O to the physical Flash, resulting in a better performance overall.
The write-back creates a certain issue for embedded devices however. If the power to the device is shut down unexpectedly, or the USB Flash is unplugged without a proper unmount or sync, some of latest file changes may be lost.
As it is typical with Linux, the issue can be handled in many ways. Data synchronization can be ensured on a per-file, per-subtree, per-filesystem or system-wide basis. Synchronization can be transparent for the user or may require issuing an explicit API call or a shell command.
The most obvious solution is to mount the file system in synchronous mode (note the -o sync parameter in the call below):
~ # mount -o sync /dev/sda1 /mnt
~ # mount
rootfs on / type rootfs (rw)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,relatime)
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,relatime)
none on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,relatime,mode=600,ptmxmode=000)
/dev/sda1 on /mnt type vfat
(rw,sync,relatime,fmask=0022,dmask=0022,codepage=cp437,iocharset=iso8859-1,
shortname=mixed,errors=remount-ro)
~ #
When the file system is mounted for synchronous operation, Linux guarantees that data is written to the physical media before any write() returns to a calling application. The tradeoff is that written data is no longer cached in memory, which reduces the write performance substantially.
